PHOTOS FROM 1903-04 LABOR STRIKE--Cripple Creek & Victor Mining District.
Shared by Rose Noal, Cathy Schafer, Joe DiRito and Tony DiRito from photographic memorabilia of Joe & Viola Madonna (their grandparents) and Griff & Mollie Kate Ellis (their great uncle and aunt).
Staff of Victor Record held in "Bull Pen", Sept/Oct 1903. Left to right, F. W. Langdon, Linotype Operator; Chas. G. Langdon, Lynotype Operator; Geo. E. Kyner, Managing Editor; W. L. Sweet, Circulator; H. J. Richmond, Foreman; Soldiers with loaded Winchesters on guard.
Two major labor conflicts between Association of Mine Owners and the Western Federation of Miners (W.F.M.) Labor Union changed Victor and the Cripple Creek Mining District forever.
1894 STRIKE
The first labor war was triggered by a union strike in 1894 over wages and the number of hours miners worked per day. Two men were killed in a gun battle between striking miners and sheriff’s deputies. The strike was finally settled in favor of the union when the mine owners agreed to pay the miners $3 for an eight-hour day.
1903-04 STRIKE
The second labor war began in 1903. The Western Federation of Miners Union called upon miners in the Gold Camp to strike in sympathy with smelter workers in Colorado City who earned just $1.85 per day. With 3,500 to 4,000 workers on strike in the Gold Camp, most mining operations came to a halt and all hell broke loose.
Several mines attempted to reopen with non-union labor and violence erupted. At the Independence Mine, fifteen men fell to their deaths when someone tampered with the shaft guides. A bomb at the Vindicator Mine killed two more men. Trains carrying non-union men were wrecked.
To stem the violence, Colorado’s governor placed the Gold Camp under martial law and by September 1903, over 1,000 National Guard troops occupied the camp. During the six month occupation, hundreds of union members and sympathizers were rounded up and imprisoned in “bull pens” while others were ordered out of the District.
Near midnight on September 29, 1903, Editor George Kyner of the Victor Record and some of his staff were arrested and marched off to an outdoor "bull pen". Mrs. Kyner and Emma Langdon (wife of the lynotype operator) defied the militia and got the paper out on time the next morning with the headline "Somewhat Disfigured, But Still In The Ring". After Editor Kyner and his staff were released, the paper was placed under censorship for pro-union sympathies. When the troops were withdrawn in the Spring of 1904, violence erupted again.
Shown below are photos from the Madonna & Ellis Family Album that document many of the tragic events which led to the end of the strike by the Western Federation of Miners Union in 1904. Click Photos to Enlarge.
Independence Depot Explosion. On June 6, 1904, a depot where non-union miners were waiting for a train at the Town of Independence (north of Battle Mountain) was blown up. Thirteen men were killed and many others were injured. Years later, Harry Orchard, a henchman for the W.F.M. Union confessed to the crime. But other evidence indicates Harry Orchard also worked with Pinkerton Agents hired by the Mine Owners to discredit the Union. No W.F.M. Union officials were ever found guilty of conspiring to direct Orchard's violent activities.
1894 STRIKE
The first labor war was triggered by a union strike in 1894 over wages and the number of hours miners worked per day. Two men were killed in a gun battle between striking miners and sheriff’s deputies. The strike was finally settled in favor of the union when the mine owners agreed to pay the miners $3 for an eight-hour day.
1903-04 STRIKE
The second labor war began in 1903. The Western Federation of Miners Union called upon miners in the Gold Camp to strike in sympathy with smelter workers in Colorado City who earned just $1.85 per day. With 3,500 to 4,000 workers on strike in the Gold Camp, most mining operations came to a halt and all hell broke loose.
Several mines attempted to reopen with non-union labor and violence erupted. At the Independence Mine, fifteen men fell to their deaths when someone tampered with the shaft guides. A bomb at the Vindicator Mine killed two more men. Trains carrying non-union men were wrecked.
To stem the violence, Colorado’s governor placed the Gold Camp under martial law and by September 1903, over 1,000 National Guard troops occupied the camp. During the six month occupation, hundreds of union members and sympathizers were rounded up and imprisoned in “bull pens” while others were ordered out of the District.
Near midnight on September 29, 1903, Editor George Kyner of the Victor Record and some of his staff were arrested and marched off to an outdoor "bull pen". Mrs. Kyner and Emma Langdon (wife of the lynotype operator) defied the militia and got the paper out on time the next morning with the headline "Somewhat Disfigured, But Still In The Ring". After Editor Kyner and his staff were released, the paper was placed under censorship for pro-union sympathies. When the troops were withdrawn in the Spring of 1904, violence erupted again.
Shown below are photos from the Madonna & Ellis Family Album that document many of the tragic events which led to the end of the strike by the Western Federation of Miners Union in 1904. Click Photos to Enlarge.
Independence Depot Explosion. On June 6, 1904, a depot where non-union miners were waiting for a train at the Town of Independence (north of Battle Mountain) was blown up. Thirteen men were killed and many others were injured. Years later, Harry Orchard, a henchman for the W.F.M. Union confessed to the crime. But other evidence indicates Harry Orchard also worked with Pinkerton Agents hired by the Mine Owners to discredit the Union. No W.F.M. Union officials were ever found guilty of conspiring to direct Orchard's violent activities.
Bombed Depot in Independence. In the early morning hours of June 6, 1904, the depot at the nearby Town of Independence was blown up when non-union miners were coming off shift and waiting for a train. Thirteen men were killed and many others were injured. Click photos to enlarge.
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Funeral Cortege. Horse-drawn hearses bring the bodies of miners killed in the 1903-04 Strike down N 4th St in Victor. Crowds line both sides of the street. The brick enclosed shaft house of the Gold Coin Mine (upper left) towers over business buildings along N 4th St.
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Riot in Victor, Union Properties Ransacked. The day after the Depot in Independence was blown up, the Mine Owners Association and their Citizens' Alliance organized a rally in Victor to place blame on the W.F.M. Union. The anti-union rally was held in a vacant lot on the corner of Victor Avenue and North Fourth Street. Shots rang out, two men were killed, and others were injured during the ensuing riot.
Twelve-year-old Lowell Thomas watched the melee from the second story window of the Boston Clothing Building (currently called the Victor Mall Hotel) where the medical offices of his father were located. Despite the danger, Dr. Harry Thomas ran to the street, carried a wounded man to his office, operated and saved the man’s life.
Union members fled up 4th Street to the W.F.M. Union Hall. Bullet holes resulting from a gun battle between the union and anti-union forces can still be seen on the front of the beleaguered building. Occupants of the Union Hall eventually raised the white flag of surrender. The Union Offices on North 4th Street and the Union Cooperative Store on Victor Avenue were ransacked.
Twelve-year-old Lowell Thomas watched the melee from the second story window of the Boston Clothing Building (currently called the Victor Mall Hotel) where the medical offices of his father were located. Despite the danger, Dr. Harry Thomas ran to the street, carried a wounded man to his office, operated and saved the man’s life.
Union members fled up 4th Street to the W.F.M. Union Hall. Bullet holes resulting from a gun battle between the union and anti-union forces can still be seen on the front of the beleaguered building. Occupants of the Union Hall eventually raised the white flag of surrender. The Union Offices on North 4th Street and the Union Cooperative Store on Victor Avenue were ransacked.
Anti-Union Rally. The day after the Depot in Independence was bombed, a crowd gathered in Victor for a rally organized by the Mine Owners’ Association and their anti-union Citizens' Alliance. The objective was to place blame on the W.F.M. Union for the violence at the train depot. Click photos to enlarge.
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Anti-Union Rally. The anti-union rally was held in a vacant lot on the NW corner of Victor Ave & 4th St. This was the site of the original Victor Hotel which burned in the Great Fire of August 1899. The Mint Bar (currently Jet Service) was built at that location in 1907-08. Notice the Gold Coin Mine in the background.
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Anti-Union Rally. The crowd swelled. Clarence Hamlin of the Mine Owners’ Association made a fiery speech blaming the W.F.M. Union for the violence and urged the crowd to drive union men from the Gold Camp. Tempers flared, a riot broke out and shots were fired into the gathered crowd.
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Anti-Union Rally. In the ensuing chaos, seven men were shot and two died. Dr. Harry Thomas, with his son Lowell, watched from the second story window of his office across the street. About 50 union men fled the rioting mob and ran for the safety of the W.F.M. Union Hall located about half a block up N 4th St.
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Before the Attack. Victor Miners Union No. 32, circa 1902-03, The grand W.F.M. building was dedicated in March 1901. The center doors and staircase led to the 2nd-story union offices as well as a huge hall used for meetings and community events. At street level was retail space rented to the Simonton Grocery (right) and the Palmer Billiard Hall (left) which also sold stationery, candies and tobacco.
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Union Hall Attacked. A mob from the anti-union rally gathered in front of the W.F.M. Union Hall and opened fire. At least four union men were shot before they all surrendered. Offices of the W.F.M. were wrecked (see 2nd-story broken windows). W.F.M. records were confiscated or destroyed. The retail shops at street level were not damaged. Click photos to enlarge.
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Wrecked W.F.M. Union Office. The anti-union mob wrecked the offices of Victor Miners Union No. 32 and seized W.F.M. records. That night, all across the Gold Camp, anti-union forces destroyed other W.F.M. Union Halls and Cooperative Stores. Eventually 225 men were deported without trial—shipped in boxcars to the Kansas or New Mexico borders where they were dumped with orders to never return to the Gold Camp. Hundreds were ultimately blacklisted from mining employment anywhere in the State of Colorado.
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Union Hall Occupied. After those who took refuge in the W.F.M. Union Hall surrendered and were arrested, the anti-union Citizens' Alliance and the Militia occupied the W.F.M. Union Hall. Man with rifle blocks the entryway and stairs to the W.F.M Union Offices.
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Union Hall Occupied. After the attack and occupation of the building, windows for the 2nd-story union offices were shattered by gunfire and men with rifles blocked the center staircase entrance. A man with a rifle appears to be sitting in a broken 2nd- floor window. The street level businesses appear to be unaffected.
Union Members Arrested, Martial Law Reimposed. Union members and sympathizers were arrested and confined in the basement of the Armory (currently the Victor Elks Lodge) and in outdoor "bull pens". The Governor sent the Militia back to the Gold Camp which was again placed under martial law. The press was silenced, freedom of speech and assembly were abolished.
Crowd Outside Armory. The crowd in the street outside the Armory Building (right, headquarters for the militia in Victor) waits to learn the fate of union members and accused sympathizers who were imprisoned in the basement or in nearby "bullpens". Mock trials were held in the upstairs hall (currently a ballroom for the Victor Elks Lodge at the corner of N 3rd St & Diamond Ave).
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Mock Trial At Armory. Note the accused has rifles with bayonets pointed at him and a noose around his neck.
Elected City and County officials suspected of harboring sympathy for union miners were forced to resign and were replaced with appointees approved by the Mine Owners’ Association and their Citizens’ Alliance. Union miners were "deported" in railroad box cars and admonished to NEVER RETURN.
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Newspaper Office Ransacked, Union Sympathizers Deported. Two days after the riot, on June 8, 1904, the Victor Record Newspaper was raided again. This time the printing presses and linotype machines were destroyed.
Union members and sympathizers were again herded into “bull pens”. This time 225 men were deported without trial—shipped off in railroad box cars to the Kansas and New Mexico borders where they were dumped with orders not to return to the Gold Camp. Lt. T.E. McClelland, replying to an accusation that the military had violated the constitution, said “To hell the constitution. We aren’t going by the constitution.”
Union members and sympathizers were again herded into “bull pens”. This time 225 men were deported without trial—shipped off in railroad box cars to the Kansas and New Mexico borders where they were dumped with orders not to return to the Gold Camp. Lt. T.E. McClelland, replying to an accusation that the military had violated the constitution, said “To hell the constitution. We aren’t going by the constitution.”
Crowd at Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad Depot in Victor--near N 4th St & Diamond Ave. Union leaders and hundreds of miners suffered unlawful arrest and imprisonment. Some were harassed or kidnapped by hooded gangs called “whitecappers”. Eventually 225 men were deported without trial—shipped in boxcars to the Kansas and New Mexico borders where they were dumped with orders not to return to the Gold Camp. Hundreds were ultimately blacklisted from mining employment anywhere in the State of
Colorado. Click photos to enlarge.
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Presses at Victor Record Destroyed June 8, 1904. Two days after the mob attacked the Miners' Union Hall, the Victor Record Newspaper was raided again. This time the printing presses and linotype machines were destroyed. Editor George Kyner continued issuing a much smaller paper from equipment at competing newspaper offices. But Kyner soon switched loyalties. The Victor Record became an anti-union paper after the State of Colorado reimbursed Kyner with $5,000 for damages allegedly amounting to only $1,000.
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Western Federation of Miners Union Defeated. Within a few days the 1903-04 labor war ended and the W.F.M. Union was driven from the Gold Camp. The mines started up again and organized labor was totally defeated. Miners were allowed to work only if they had identification cards from the Mine Owners Association saying they were not affiliated with the union. From June of 1904 until the present, there has been no union representation for miners in the Gold Camp.
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS:
Thanks to Rose Noal, Cathy Shafer, Joe DiRito and Tony DiRito who generously donated this photographic memorabilia to the Victor Heritage Society so it could be preserved and shared with the public. The photos came from their relatives who once lived in Victor--Joe & Viola Madonna, their grandparents, and Griff & Mollie Kate Ellis, their great uncle and aunt.
Thanks to Rose Noal, Cathy Shafer, Joe DiRito and Tony DiRito who generously donated this photographic memorabilia to the Victor Heritage Society so it could be preserved and shared with the public. The photos came from their relatives who once lived in Victor--Joe & Viola Madonna, their grandparents, and Griff & Mollie Kate Ellis, their great uncle and aunt.
At one time Griff & Mollie Kate (Herman) Ellis lived in the distinctive home at 714 Victor Avenue which they owned from 1915-21. This house has been recognized with a Landmark Award by the Victor Heritage Society. Griff Ellis was a shift boss at the Portland Mine and a leaser at the Ajax Mine.
Mollie Ellis beside her home at 714 Victor Ave. Photo shared by Paula Waddington.
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Griff & Mollie Ellis, Aug 1919. Photo shared by Paula Waddington. Click photos to enlarge.
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Griff Ellis on front porch at 714 Victor Ave. Photo shared by Paula Waddington.
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714 Victor Ave when Griff & Mollie Kate Ellis lived there. Photo shared by Paula Waddington.
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714 Victor Ave when Griff & Mollie Kate Ellis lived there. Photo shared by Paula Waddington. Click photos to enlarge.
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The home at 714 Victor Ave (2012) after restoration was recognized with a Victor Landmark Award.
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Joe & Viola Madonna lived upstairs at 306 Victor Avenue and ran the pool hall downstairs. Joe Madonna, was born in 1905. He was employed as a "machine man" at the Cameron Gold Mine when he registered for WW II in 1940.
In more recent times, businesses that have occupied the Madonna's building include the Amber Inn Restaurant, Someplace Else Bar & Restaurant, Sally's Bar & Restaurant, and the Headframe Tavern.
In more recent times, businesses that have occupied the Madonna's building include the Amber Inn Restaurant, Someplace Else Bar & Restaurant, Sally's Bar & Restaurant, and the Headframe Tavern.
Joe & Viola Madonna with their daughter Mary Lou Madonna. Photo from Rose Noal.
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306 Victor Avenue, 1984--Where the family of Joe & Viola Madonna once lived above their business.
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306 Victor Avenue, 2018--Where the Madonna family's residence and pool hall was once located.
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Notes:
- Extensive and conflicting historical perspectives about the 1903-04 Labor Strike can by found by clicking these links to accounts by Emma Langdon, Benjamin Rastall, Morris Friedman, and Harry Orchard.
- To learn more about the fate of the Victor Miners' Union Hall Building and it's "Still Standing But Endangered" status after it was ravaged by a fire in 2014, click this link to the Preservation Successes & Challenges page and scroll down to the "Endangered Structures" section where you will appreciate how amazingly well the photos shared from the Madonna-Ellis Family Album help document many of the concluding events of the 1903-04 Labor War also described there.
THE PAST MATTERS. PASS IT ALONG.
The Next Generation Will Only Inherit What We Choose to Save and Make Accessible.
Please Share Your Photos and Memories of Victor & the World's Greatest Gold Camp by
Contacting Victor Heritage Society, PO Box 424, Victor, CO 80860 or e-mail VictorHeritageSociety@gmail.com.
The Next Generation Will Only Inherit What We Choose to Save and Make Accessible.
Please Share Your Photos and Memories of Victor & the World's Greatest Gold Camp by
Contacting Victor Heritage Society, PO Box 424, Victor, CO 80860 or e-mail VictorHeritageSociety@gmail.com.